Disadvantages Of Traditional Media Tools Marketing Essay

Disadvantages Of Traditional Media Tools Marketing Essay Since television has born, it has already become the most useful media tools among others over many years. Most of the convention company thinks that featuring a television advertising campaign may reflect their companys brand or status at a prestige level. The Advantages Television advertisement is a tool that provides high frequency potential where in a day a single advertisement can reach millions of viewers instantly. This is because television is the highest reach of other kinds of media since each house own a television. Furthermore, television also offers advertisers the most extensive coverage compare to other media. The Disadvantages Television advertisement may be a good tool to reach millions of people but the cost for an advertisement is high. High cost probably comes from the production cost because commercials usually need more time, idea and resources to produce it. Therefore, creating a commercial is expensive. 1.0.2 Radio Radio is not as effective as television and it is more difficult to attract more potential consumers because mostly people only focus on listening to the music rather than advertisement. Meanwhile, the most effective way to transmit the message from an advertisement is when a driver stuck in the middle of the traffic. At the same time, many smaller local companies use radio advertising because the cost of creating a radio advertisement are less costly compare to television. The Advantages Mostly radio advertisers help the listener to store the message easily. Method such as repeating the advertisement can successfully helps the listener to remember it. From time to time, the more the listener stay on the radio, the message will goes deeply into the person mindset and soon from short-term to become long-term memory. Adding sound effect in the advertisement may effectively help consumers to well so every time they heard the sound they may recall back to the advertisement. The Disadvantages Radio advertisements have few chances to reach national audience because there is only a short exposure time of transmitting the message. Usually an advertisement is about 15 to 30 seconds. Most of the times listener involved in other activities such as working, paying attention on driving or just using radio as a restaurant or shops background music to provide their customers a nice and comfortable environment. Therefore, most of them will not pay much attention or skip the advertisement part. 1.0.3 Outdoor Advertising Commonly some companies will use billboards to advertise along the side of the highway in Malaysia. Other than that, banners outside a restaurant, on public transportation and even hanging on the pillars under the flyover also an example of outdoor advertising. The Advantages An outdoor advertisement is an effective way to transmit message towards large group of people. For local companies, these advertisement is an efficient way to transmit the message to their local target because usually local audience able to see them everywhere. The location of setting up these advertisements will affect the outcome such as placing nearby a restaurant, inside cities area, hanging on tall buildings, railway station and amusement park. The Disadvantages The major drawback of an outdoor advertising is short exposure of time. When the advertisement is set by the road side, drivers may only have a quick look on it. They cannot get the full message from the advertisement unless they stop their car. 1.0.4 Magazines In old days, advertise in magazines is also a best way to transmit information towards target audience. Advertise in different magazine allow to target to different consumers according to demographic and lifestyles. The Advantages Magazines advertisements often provide high-quality color on the pictures. Colors and images can attract attention because mostly people love to look at colorful things instead all with words. Besides that, the main function of magazines is to allow readers to read it during leisure time. With viewing colors and images, it can benefit in relaxing themselves like reducing stress after a working day yet they may have longer time to go through with advertisement. The Disadvantages Due to high-quality color in every magazine, the cost of production and printing is way higher compare to newspaper. Therefore, the magazine advertisement prices are also expensive because advertiser needs to generate more idea and time to advertise it in different magazine and different target. If some advertisement target to two consumer, it may effectively target to children in child magazines but if the same idea advertise in adult magazine, the outcome will be different and thats why advertiser need to create another advertisement to focus on their parents. 1.0.5 Newspapers Newspaper has been centuries as a role of transmitting local, nation and global news to the public. Newspaper is a best tool to advertise because the price greatly cheaper compare to others and it is distributed on daily basis. The Advantages Local sellers rely heavily on newspaper advertisement because this is the only tool that targets more on locals. The key factor that advertises in newspaper is that you can list our all your information like promoting sales, business retail hours, and physical store location in a single page yet the price is cheaper than magazine. The Disadvantages Newspapers advertisement also have a shorten lifespan like as outdoor advertising. Normally a person will set the newspaper aside once they finish reading it. Normally a person will not re-read second time on any information unless the object or article able to attract the reader. Therefore, pass by advertisement will remain unnoticeable if it fails to attract the reader. 1.1 The Advantages and Disadvantages of Non-Traditional Media Tools 1.1.1 E-Mail Newsletters E-mail newsletters can be an excellent way to build brand awareness to the public. Newsletters can be subscribed in some branded company web site. The newsletter must be in a form of addressing offers value to the subscribers. Besides that, some company will corporate together so they can share the newsletter by adding in their own advertisement together with their partners advertisement. The Advantages E-mail newsletter is near instant delivery compare to printing newspaper and magazine. The company can share and send the e-mail to their customers at any time they want. Meanwhile, the company may also send the newsletter to multiple customers just in few clicks time. Hence, recipient can forward the news easily to their friends and family if the offer given by the company is beneficial. The Disadvantages The actual deliverability to the recipients can be low due to SPAM filters or e-mail address changes. Nowadays, there are many potential hackers in the web. To prevent and protect customers privacy, many e-mail browsers using advance filter technology to filter incoming message. So whenever the mail browsers detect something suspicious inside the newsletter, it will automatically direct it into the junk box. 1.1.2 Blogs Some company use web logs to promote their products. A blog advertise can be effective when spreading positive work-of-mouth communications. Meanwhile, using a blog is easier to check the companys news or process and the content mostly will be updated regularly compare to a weekly or monthly e-mail newsletters. The Advantages Company blogs provide an easy access to company news. By doing so, they encourage their customers to view their blogs frequently because some company will regularly update their latest product, upcoming events and latest promotions. Hence, a company that shows their latest detail will gain loyalty from existing customers. The Disadvantages When a blog that dealing with transaction, small local business company may face difficulties with it. If the company is branded, customers will spend more time on the blogs page to browse what they looking for and they can make payment securely because usually well-know company allow people to feel more reliable and secure. In other words, when a small local business company with a least well-know brand, customers confidence level towards the company will not as much as branded company. 1.1.3 Online Advertising Since 1990s, online advertising have increased steadily. Due to the power of internet, marketers think that online advertising is the newest and highly effective method to reach consumers. Types of online advertising are popup, web banner, media feed or video advertisement. The Advantages Online advertising can allow advertisers to reach significantly more people than traditional advertising media in a shorter time. Advertisement can be more targeted than some traditional media because there are variety of people with different age, race and culture surfing the web daily. The Disadvantages Heavy online advertising will cause web users to slowly immune to advertisement. When user are immune to advertisement, the number of people who respond to advertisement will steadily decrease and those advertisements will become not important to everyone anymore. 1.1.4 Online Social Networks Recent years, online social networks have become extremely popular among people. Some company will use social networking site to communicate with consumers. The most well-known social networking site is Facebook, MySpace, Google+ and Twitter. Instead of communicate with consumers, companies also making product and event announcement. The Advantages Since the network is unlimited, advertising in social networking sites are great for attracting more customers. When a customer is connected to your company, your company profile and information will spread among their family and friends too. The speed on spreading news in social sites is getting faster so the network can soon grow wider and even more when the advertisement has successfully build awareness in public. The Disadvantages Despite of building brand awareness, social sites are not that effective because it need to depend on how a user remembers a company brand. When your company brand is not as famous in the market, people will not aware of your product. Meanwhile, brand awareness is usually created from big advertisement on TV, banners, billboards, newspapers, magazines and other repeated advertisement tools. However, social sites may attack from bad comment when a product dissatisfied the customers and since everyone able to comment on something easily. So, this may pull down the companys image easily. 1.1.5 Couponing Coupon can be found in newspaper, magazines, or online advertisement. At most company will encourage consumer to cut or print out these entire coupon and collect for certain amount so that you can redeem the offer. Some companies like McDonald will request consumers to print out the coupon from their webpage so they can enjoy the rebate. The Advantages Heavy Couponing user will save up their monthly expenses effectively. When a smart spender collected lots of coupon, they may get the amount of offer goods in lower price. During the period of collecting coupons, collectors may request their friends and family together for help out in collecting it. By doing so, the promotion news will spread to others by word-of-mouth. The Disadvantages Some people will feel embarrassing due to self-respect. They might feel that why I need to spend time to collect the entire coupon and use it to save just a few ringgit which they may afford to pay. It is wasting time to collect it and sometimes some coupon occurs in magazines so consumer will need to purchase the magazine every week to collect it. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Different_types_of_non_traditional_market 1.2 Promotional Mixes Used by Proton Company Advertisement is important to every company. Effectively using advertisement will not just creating awareness to the public but also potentially increase market sales. The Proton Company is using this method to gain profit and increase market share. The company has used five ways to advertise their product such as television, banner, newspaper, social media networks and sales promotion. First of all, many company still believing advertise in television is the most successful way to reach the audience. Since every household own a television, the percentage of people watching television everyday will remain at an upper rate. Proton normally advertises their product during some peak hours like during 6p.m. to 10p.m. Every family will start to watch television during that period because everyone already back to house from working and having dinner with families. By that time, each of them may come across with the advertisement. Protons even pick some festive seasons to promote their product like the recent Chinese New Year. Proton has purposely create a commercial for celebrating Chinese New Year by showing a German engineer driving the Proton Preve safely back to his wifes hometown. Secondly, Proton is also heavily using banner to advertise. By placing banner in certain heavy traffic, cities such as Kuala Lumpur and even fly over in highways. Catching eye banner normally the best way to transmit message into viewer mind even there is only a short time exposure. The best banner that Proton has created is advising drivers to drive safely on the road. Once the driver read the message, the next day when they pass by again they will check which company is concerning the public safety. By doing so, Proton has already create a brand awareness to the public. Thirdly, in knowing most of the consumers will be reading newspaper in the morning or anytime in a day. Protons advertisement sometime will be seen in a newspaper. They usually will used up whole page to advertise their product or service. Normally they will not choose front or second page but they will choose middle part of the newspaper so that can easily capture the readers mind with colors and pictures after reading tones of words in the previous page. Besides that, Proton also advertises their service center location so readers may find their service center easily. By grabbing the golden opportunity of using web in this 21st century, advertise in social media networks is as simple as effective. The large audience in the web has brought Proton to find more potential customers to promote their services and products. Simple steps like sharing in Facebook, Twitter and Youtube will efficiently transmit all the information to its audience. No matter they accept it or not, once they view the message already transmit into their mind. Proton owns a Facebook and Youtube page. On Facebook page, they often use to upload recent promotions photos and reply consumers comment. While on Youtube channel, they are posting their products commercial or videos during their recent event. Lastly, sales promotion is a value adding activities designed to boost short term sales and usually include point of sales activities such as in-store and event displays, product trial and distributing leaflets in public. Before launching the new Proton Preve, the company has organized a huge event named Power of 1 at Stadium Bukit Jalil Kuala Lumpur. The purpose of creating that event is to raise the awareness of their Proton brand and to show the public how well their product perform, demonstration is provided on the spot. At the same time, the Preve also shown up but is covering up by stripe form cover so that can maintain at a mysterious stage. Every time after the launch of their products, they will conduct a road show too by issuing brochure to allow consumer to know more about the product. Therefore based on all of these promotion strategies from Proton, the chances to convince a viewer to buy the product is largely depend on the buyer expectation on the product, level of brand loyalty or brands reputation and how great is the quality of the product. Even though sometimes it might not convince a viewer but at least theyre aware of your brand, product and services. So when times goes on follow by the enhancement of a company product, the chances to convince a buyer will also increase. In conclusion, Proton Company should continue to advertise their upcoming product so it may show the growth and improvement of the company. With these reason, the chances of people to buy their product is higher. 1.3 Effectiveness of Advertisement There are two concepts that ensure the times of advertise to reach target audience is the effective reach and effective frequency. Effective reach is the percentage of an audience that must be exposed to a particular message to achieve a specific objective. While the effective frequency refers to the number of times a target audience must be exposed to a message to achieve a particular objective. (Clow, 2011) Effective frequency and effective reach are crucial as when too few exposures will cause the advertiser fail to gain its intended objectives. Whereas if too much exposures will occur in the way of wasting resources. The most effective in advertising is achieving the intended objective successfully without experiencing wastage or marginal return from extra advertisement. Effective reach can be used under situation like a company wants to increase brand recognition. Then the advertisers will emphasis on the visual presentation on the product or the company logo. In this way may allow a person to recognize easily on the brand name together with the companys logo. The main objective of using this method is to nearer a gap in a persons knowledge with the brands. Therefore, if an advertiser wants to increase reach then they have to advertise to a large group of target audience and keep mentioning the brands name and logo as a selling point. Media tools that can cause this happen effectively are by advertising in television, outdoor advertising, magazines, internet, and direct mail. On the other hand, the objective of effective frequency is to increase brand recall. Usually repetition in advertising method is needed so that consumer can remember well of the brand in their mind or memory. Besides that, repetition can increase the times that particular brands will automatically popup in your mind. The more time the audience sees or heard about the advertisement is more easily to remember than he or she heard once in a life time. Examples of media tools that can be used are by television, radio, newspapers and Youtube advertisement thats play first before showing the actual video content.

History Of Beverages/Soft Drink

Soft drinks can trace their history back to the mineral water found in natural springs. Bathing in natural springs has long been considered a healthy thing to do; and mineral water was said to have curative powers. Scientists soon discovered that gas carbonium or carbon dioxide was behind the bubbles in natural mineral water. The first marketed soft drinks (non-carbonated) appeared in the 17th century. They were made from water and lemon juice sweetened with honey. In 1676, the Compagnie de Limonadiers of Paris were granted a monopoly for the sale of lemonade soft drinks. Vendors would carry tanks of lemonade on their backs and dispensed cups of the soft drink to thirsty Parisians. Joseph PriestleyIn 1767, the first drinkable man-made glass of carbonated water was created by Englishmen Doctor Joseph Priestley. Three years later, Swedish chemist Torbern Bergman invented a generating apparatus that made carbonated water from chalk by the use of sulfuric acid. Bergman's apparatus allowe d imitation mineral water to be produced in large amounts. John MathewsIn 1810, the first United States patent was issued for the â€Å"means of mass manufacture of imitation mineral waters† to Simons and Rundell of Charleston, South Carolina. However, carbonated beverages did not achieve great popularity in America until 1832, when John Mathews invented his apparatus for the making carbonated water. John Mathews then mass-manufactured his apparatus for sale to soda fountain owners.Health Properties of Mineral WaterThe drinking of either natural or artificial mineral water was considered a healthy practice. The American pharmacists selling mineral waters began to add medicinal and flavorful herbs to unflavored mineral water. They used birch bark, dandelion, sarsaparilla, and fruit extracts. Some historians consider that the first flavored carbonated soft drink was that made in 1807 by Doctor Philip Syng Physick of Philadelphia. Early American pharmacies with soda fountains be came a popular part of culture. The customers soon wanted to take their â€Å"health† drinks home with them and a soft drink bottling industry grew from consumer demand.The Soft Drink Bottling IndustryOver 1,500 U.S. patents were filed for either a cork, cap, or lid for the carbonated drink bottle tops during the early days of the bottling industry. Carbonated drink bottles are under a lot of pressure from the gas. Inventors were trying to find the best way to prevent the carbon dioxide or bubbles from escaping. In 1892, the â€Å"Crown Cork Bottle Seal† was patented by William Painter, a Baltimore machine shop operator. It was the first very successful method of keeping the bubbles in the bottle.Automatic Production of Glass BottlesIn 1899, the first patent was issued for a glass-blowing machine for the automatic production of glass bottles. Earlier glass bottles had all been hand-blown. Four years later, the new bottle-blowing machine was in operation. It was first o perated by the inventor, Michael Owens, an employee of Libby Glass Company. Within a few years, glass bottle production increased from 1,500 bottles a day to 57,000 bottles a day.Hom-Paks and Vending MachinesDuring the 1920s, the first â€Å"Hom-Paks† were invented. â€Å"Hom-Paks† are the familiar six-pack beverage carrying cartons made from cardboard. Automatic vending machines also began to appear in the 1920s. The soft drink had become an American mainstay. http://inventors.about.com/od/foodrelatedinventions/a/soft_drinks.htmIntroduction to PopThe History of Soft Drinks Timeline By Mary Bellis See More About soft drinks beverageGirl Serving From Soda Fountain Bar Serving Soft Drinks LOC See More About soft drinks beverageThis timeline accompanies Introduction to Pop – The History of Soft Drinks Soft drinks by definition are carbonated drinks that are non-alcoholic. Carbonated soft drinks are also refereed to as soda, soda pop, pop, or tonic. 1798 The term â €Å"soda water† first coined.1810 First U.S. patent issued for the manufacture of imitation mineral waters. 1819 The â€Å"soda fountain† patented by Samuel Fahnestock. 1835 The first bottled soda water in the U.S. 1850 A manual hand & foot operated filling & corking device, first used for bottling soda water. 1851 Ginger ale created in Ireland. 1861 The term â€Å"pop† first coined. 1874 The first ice-cream soda sold. 1876 Root beer mass produced for public sale. 1881 The first cola-flavored beverage introduced. 1885 Charles Aderton invented â€Å"Dr Pepper† in Waco, Texas. 1886 Dr. John S. Pemberton invented â€Å"Coca-Cola† in Atlanta, Georgia. 1892 William Painter invented the crown bottle cap. 1898 â€Å"Pepsi-Cola† is invented by Caleb Bradham. 1899 The first patent issued for a glass blowing machine, used to produce glass bottles. 1913 Gas motored trucks replaced horse drawn carriages as delivery vehicles. 1919 The American Bottlers o f Carbonated Beverages formed.1920 The U.S. Census reported that more than 5,000 bottlers now exist. Early 1920's The first automatic vending machines dispensed sodas into cups. 1923 Six-pack soft drink cartons called â€Å"Hom-Paks† created.1929 The Howdy Company debuted its new drink â€Å"Bib-Label Lithiated Lemon-Lime Sodas† later called â€Å"7 Up†. Invented by Charles Leiper Grigg. 1934 Applied color labels first used on soft drink bottles, the coloring was baked on the face of the bottle. 1952 The first diet soft drink sold called the â€Å"No-Cal Beverage† a gingerale sold by Kirsch. 1957 The first aluminum cans used.1959 The first diet cola sold. 1962 The pull-ring tab first marketed by the Pittsburgh Brewing Company of  Pittsburgh, PA. The pull-ring tab was invented by Alcoa. 1963 The Schlitz Brewing company introduced the â€Å"Pop Top† beer can to the nation in March, invented by Ermal Fraze of Kettering, Ohio. 1965 Soft drinks in can s dispensed from vending machines.1965 The resealable top invented. 1966 The American Bottlers of Carbonated Beverages renamed The National Soft Drink Association. 1970 Plastic bottles are used for soft drinks. 1973 The PET (Polyethylene Terephthalate) bottle created. 1974 The stay-on tab invented. Introduced by the Falls City Brewing Company of Louisville, KY. 1979 Mello Yello soft drink is introduced by the Coca Cola company as competition against Mountain Dew. 1981 The â€Å"talking† vending machine invented.http://inventors.about.com/od/sstartinventions/a/soft_drink.htmHISTORY OF COCA-COLA:Invented in the City of Atlanta over a hundred years ago. Atlanta 1886. John Pemberton in 1886 was experimenting with a new recipe. Took some secret ingredients and boiled them into a syrup. Took some to Jacob’s pharmacy where he mixed it with carbonated water and place it on sale for 5 cents a glass. Thus greatest invention of all time. Accountant of Pemberton – Frank Rob inson, coined the name Coca-Cola and famours trademark News spread across Atlanta 1st year – average drinks sold 9 drink per day 1888 – sold to Asa G. Candler and Co. to produce and distribute coca-cola Mr. Candler was a marketing genius, countless creative ways to promote the product. Gave the color red in barrels to give a distinctive appearance All over America-Soda foams. Then in bottles – idea Sold them the right to do that – 1dollar 1916 – introduced coca cola contour bottle; so unique it became instantly famous 1919 – Candler sold the company to a group of investors. Robert Woodriff who became the company’s president Make ice-cold coca cola available to anyone, where, placeFIRST TRULY GLOBAL BRAND 100 YEARS LATER – FORMULA IS STILL A GUARDED SECRET MOST RECOGNIZED TRADEMARK IN THE WORLD ENJOYED IN MORE THAN 200 COUNTRIESHISTORY OF BOTTLING:Coca-Cola ® originated as a soda fountain beverage in 1886 selling for five cent s a glass. Early growth was impressive, but it was only when a strong bottling system developed thatCoca-Cola became the world-famous brand it is today. 1894 †¦ A modest start for a bold ideaIn a candy store in Vicksburg, Mississippi, brisk sales of the new fountain beverage calledCoca-Cola impressed the store's owner, Joseph A. Biedenharn. He began bottling Coca-Colato sell, using a common glass bottle called a Hutchinson.Biedenharn sent a case to Asa Griggs Candler, who owned the Company. Candler thanked him but took no action. One of his nephews already had urged that Coca-Cola be bottled, but Candler focused on fountain sales. 1899 †¦ The first bottling agreementTwo young attorneys from Chattanooga, Tennessee believed they could build a business around bottling Coca-Cola. In a meeting with Candler, Benjamin F. Thomas and Joseph B. Whitehead obtained exclusive rights to bottle Coca-Cola across most of the United States (specifically excluding Vicksburg) — for the sum of one dollar. A third Chattanooga lawyer, John T. Lupton, soon joined their venture. 1900-1909 †¦ Rapid growthThe three pioneer bottlers divided the country into territories and sold bottling rights to local entrepreneurs. Their efforts were boosted by major progress in bottling technology, which improved efficiency and product quality. By 1909, nearly 400 Coca-Cola bottling plants were operating, most of them family-owned businesses. Some were open only during hot-weather months when demand was high. 1916 †¦ Birth of the contour bottleBottlers worried that the straight-sided bottle for Coca-Cola was easily confused with imitators. A group representing the Company and bottlers asked glass manufacturers to offer ideas for a distinctive bottle. A design from the Root Glass Company of Terre Haute, Indiana won enthusiastic approval in 1915 and was introduced in 1916. The contour bottle became one of the few packages ever granted trademark status by the U.S. Patent Office . Today, it's one of the most recognized icons in the world – even in the dark! 1920s †¦ Bottling overtakes fountain salesAs the 1920s dawned, more than 1,000 Coca-Cola bottlers were operating in the U.S. Their ideas and zeal fueled steady growth. Six-bottle cartons were a huge hit after their 1923 introduction. A few years later, open-top metal coolers became the forerunners of automated vending machines. By the end of the 1920s, bottle sales of Coca-Cola exceeded fountain sales. 1920s and 30s †¦ International expansionLed by longtime Company leader Robert W. Woodruff, chief executive officer and chairman of the Board, the Company began a major push to establish bottling operations outside the U.S. Plants were opened in France, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Belgium, Italy, Peru, Spain, Australia and South Africa. By the time World War II began, Coca-Cola was being bottled in 44 countries. 1940s †¦ Post-war growthDuring the war, 64 bottling plants were set up ar ound the world to supply the troops. This followed an urgent request for bottling equipment and materials from General Eisenhower's base in North Africa. Many of these war-time plants were later converted to civilian use, permanently enlarging the bottling system and accelerating the growth of the Company's worldwide business. 1950s †¦ Packaging innovationsFor the first time, consumers had choices of Coca-Cola package size and type — the traditional 6.5-ounce contour bottle, or larger servings including 10-, 12- and 26-ounce versions. Cans were also introduced, becoming generally available in 1960. 1960s †¦ New brands introducedFollowing Fanta ® in the 1950s, Sprite ®, Minute Maid ®, Fresca ® and TaB ® joined brandCoca-Cola in the 1960s. Mr. Pibb ® and Mello Yello ® were added in the 1970s. The 1980s brought diet Coke ® and Cherry Coke ®, followed by POWERADE ® and DASANI ® in the 1990s. Today hundreds of other brands are offered to meet consum er preferences in local markets around the world. 1970s and 80s †¦ Consolidation to serve customersAs technology led to a global economy, the retailers who sold Coca-Cola merged and evolved into international mega-chains. Such customers required a new approach. In response, many small and medium-size bottlers consolidated to better serve giant international customers. The Company encouraged and invested in a number of bottler consolidations to assure that its largest bottling partners would have capacity to lead the system in working with global retailers. 1990s †¦ New and growing marketsPolitical and economic changes opened vast markets that were closed or underdeveloped for decades. After the fall of the Berlin Wall, the Company invested heavily to build plants in Eastern Europe. And as the century closed, more than $1.5 billion was committed to new bottling facilities in Africa. 21st Century †¦The Coca-Cola bottling system grew up with roots deeply planted in local communities. This heritage serves the Company well today as people seek brands that honor local identity and the distinctiveness of local markets. As was true a century ago, strong locally based relationships between Coca-Cola bottlers, customers and communities are the foundation on which the entire business grows.

Residential Life Sets The Tone For Ones College Experience

As the year comes to an end so will many students experience in the residence halls. Residential life sets the tone for ones college experience and with four different places to live means four different experiences to have had this year. Name: Mollie Merino Hometown: Denver, Colorado Residence Hall: Cate Center Major: International Studies Merino shared her experiences in the dorms with 16 other girls in one bathroom saying, â€Å"we became really close right off the bat†. â€Å"For me the experience of living in Cate has been really positive, just because it’s given me the opportunity to meet so many people. Which coming from out of state was a really unique and cool opportunity†. At the start of the year Merinos biggest fear was she would hate it and not doing well here. â€Å"My biggest fear was that I wasn’t going to be able to cut it out here. That I wasn’t going to be liked, that I wasn’t going to have friends, and that I wasn’t going to do well†, she said. Merino said, â€Å"the option of going home was one I wasn’t going to let myself have. I didn’t want to be that person who talked about leaving and then turned around and came back†. Next year Merino will be an RA at Headington Hall. She says† I think the cultures are really similar, the buildings themselves are pretty different, obviously Cates a little bit older, a little bit less luxurious than Headington†. â€Å"In Cate, it’s a really small community, I pretty much know everyone who lives in our building. I love itShow MoreRelatedThe Irish As Aliens Of A Different World Essay1707 Words   |  7 PagesA single decision set the course for of significant repercussions felt in to the present day. It beganins in the colonial days whenre the British fought to seize Ireland and subjugate their people. British dominance evoked the cultural belief that Ireland was inferior both as a society and in the morality of their beings. 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Smart Goals Essay - 711 Words

Smart Goals Essay Vanessa Goins Grand Canyon University MGT-605 (MGT-605-0103) Leadership Professor Andree Swanson March 21, 2013 Out of the three goals, (Personal, educational, and professional) I chose two of the goals that I am focusing on and that is my personal and educational goals. For my personal goals, I want to create a big picture of what I plan to do in life. Then I want to break them down in order to reach my goals, then once I have them together, then I would start working on them to achieve them. For example(Specific and Measurable goals), I plan on finding a job that has great benefits and the best rate of pay, and one that does not require working on weekends(Monday-Friday only), and not working overtime.†¦show more content†¦I plan on earning my Master’s Degree within a year of Graduation. While I am currently in school, I will rely on my instructors, academic counselors, graduation team, the GCU Online Library, and the school’s other resources that will give me additional help when I need them. If I feel lost or a subject seems too difficult, then I will ask e-mai l my instructors and let he or she know that I am having difficulty and that I need help. If I am feeling overwhelmed about school, I will seek the help and advice of my academic counselor to help me come up with a solution to help me feel relaxed and not stressed with taking online classes. I know that I will be successful if I always ask and seek help here at GCU. After all of this being said, I believe that I am a D1 in the development level, which is â€Å"The Enthusiastic Beginner† (Low Competence/High Commitment). I would be enthusiastic and be highly committed to doing my job if I were to have a certain position or even as a student in school on certain levels in my program, but at the same time, I would and still do not yet know all of the ropes yet. Right now I consider myself a very curious, inexperienced person who does quite have the skills required for the job in hand or the things that I have learned in school so far, but I am yet hopeful that I will learn to develop and learn more and more skills in the near future. References Fowler, S. B., Blanchard,Show MoreRelatedSmart Goal Essay910 Words   |  4 PagesThe first SMART goal that I would like to accomplish to help improve my leadership skills if barcoding all stock rooms for each department. Barcoding each department will save time, money, faster customer service, and better accuracy of ordering. The nurses would save time as well as they are not having to input a fourteen-digit number to charge just one item each time a supply is used on a patient. They can focus more on the patient. It will approximately decrease ordering supplies about threeRead MoreSMART Goals for Yourself Essays1017 Words   |  5 Pagespath is to set goals for yourself. They are important to keep yourself on task and to get to a desired point of self fulfillment. The issue can be how to achieve goals in a successful manner. The issue is Although people may desire or intend to attain some outcome, they are not committed to that as a goal until they are willing to invest affect, cognition, and behavior in attaining it (Traci Mann, 2013). This is why it is important to have a set path on how to accomplish important goals. I have chosenRead MoreUop Smart Goals Essay642 Words   |  3 PagesUniversity of Phoenix Material SMART Goals Part A: Reflect on your results from the Career Interest Profiler Activity and the Career Plan Building Activity: Competencies. Building on your strengths and weaknesses, create five SMART goals to help you with your personal academic and career journey. Resource: University of Phoenix Material: Goal Setting Example: Take a writing workshop in the next 2 to 3 weeks to help me improve my writing skills in order to successfully communicate withRead MoreSMART Goal SettingIssaiah WallaceChamberlain College of Essay1675 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ SMART Goal Setting Issaiah Wallace Chamberlain College of Nursing With 33 million Americans utilizing healthcare services as a means to manage mental health conditions and illnesses, adequate delivery of mental healthcare, treatment, and practice is becoming increasingly more important in the American landscape of wellness (SAMHSA, 2004a). The mental health system continues to be a challenging area of healthcare, due to: increased usage of coercion into treatment, diversity in care deliveryRead MoreGoal Setting712 Words   |  3 PagesGoals Essay Outline This essay is part of the Rainier HS portfolio, which is a graduation requirement. This essay will receive both an English class grade (using the 6-traits rubric) and a completion score in Advisory. When you have completed this essay, you will need to share it through your Google drive with both your advisory teacher and myself. Use this outline to guide your essay. #1 Introductory Paragraph *There will be at least 2 sentences in this paragraph. Why is it important forRead MorePersonal Finance By Rachel Siegel And Carol Yacht1072 Words   |  5 Pagesinformation in this section to evaluate Alice’s goals (below). a. pay off student loan b. buy a house and save for children’s education c. accumulate assets d. retire e. travel around the world in a sailboat. Discuss your evaluations (p.23). Prepare a two page (double-spaced) essay. Cite references to material that you use in preparing the essay. As you walk on a solid concrete foundation, you may not realize that the Smart Goal was implemented to achieve the goal that concrete conforms into a solid massRead MoreThe Trouble With Talent : Are We Born Smart Or Do We Get Smart?858 Words   |  4 Pages In the story â€Å"The Trouble with Talent: Are We Born Smart or Do We Get Smart?† by Kathy Seal explains the difference between Asian children and American children’s work ethic. Kathy explains the school systems in china work differently due to the fact that America has the idea that children are born with a set I.Q. while Asians believe that your intelligence is determined by hard work. The author of this story’s purpose is to persuade the reader by proving her thesis that intelligence is gained throughRead More`` They Say I Say `` : `` Hidden Intellectualism `` By Gerald Graff911 Words   |  4 Pagesan excerpt from his essay â€Å"they say I say† titled â€Å"Hidden Intellectualism†, Geral d Graff gives a compelling argument on how schools should capitalize off student’s street smarts to engage them intellectually. He believes that students are being fed a narrative that is inefficient to its purpose. To counter this inefficiency there should be an integration of things that interest the students with their academics. In the world of academia, from Graff’s perspective, street smarts are associated withRead MoreCatcher in the Rye Essay Characterization1064 Words   |  5 Pageshe’s been to, claiming everyone involved is either phony or mean. Holden shows antisocial behavior towards his academic life because he never tries at any school he refuses to put in effort and refuses to be like the very people he despises. He is smart considering Stradlater asks him to write his composition for him even though Holden is failing and getting kicked out â€Å"Just don’t do it too good is all† (Salinger 28). Holden just does not want to try but he is still intelligent â€Å"So I mean don’t stickRead MoreBackground Information About Myself For A School And Study The English Language882 Words   |  4 Pages. Before you read my letter I would like to give you some background information about myself. I have been in the United States for 10 years now, and my goal always was to learn English language as efficiently as I can, however, I didn’t put a lot of effort to go to a school and study the English language. I started MCTC in the fall of 2009 and I registered in ESOL 31/, after I am done with that semester I didn’t stay the school as I wanted, due to work and financial related. Then I came back in

Enterprise Risk Management ( Erm ) - 1741 Words

Introduction âž ¢ What is Enterprise Risk Management (ERM)? Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) is process of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling the activities of an organization in order to minimize the effect of risk on an organizations capital and earnings. ERM expands the process to include not just risks associated with accidental losses, but also financial, strategic, operational, and other risks. âž ¢ Benefits of Enterprise Risk Management In Finance †¢ Financial Incentives Awareness of risks involved in process will help align resources which may increase productivity and revenues, as well as improve service delivery capabilities. †¢ Enhanced Internal Communication Effective communication lead to enhanced staff morale and help promote teamwork. †¢ Improved decision making ERM helps stimulate increased accountability, defined success criteria, improved performance reporting and clearer performance measurement. †¢ Enhanced Partnerships Enterprise Risk Management process highlights opportunities for working across the enterprise on providing integrated response to multiple tasks and pathways to seizing opportunities. âž ¢ Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) framework Any organization implementing ERM should develop an overall framework to ensure that the fundamental requirements are addressed. The decisions are generally to adopt published framework or develop a customized framework based on the unique requirements of an organization.Show MoreRelatedI.Introduction . Enterprise Risk Management (Erm) Started2499 Words   |  10 PagesI. Introduction Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) started to steady down at the end of 1990s and has been mostly recognized as the expectations for the effective management and corporate governance. (Fraser and Simkins, 2016) This report divided into 4 parts base on the understanding of ERM and Marks Spencer (MS) 2016 Annual report. Firstly, a literature review of ERM to determine the appropriate comprehension of ERM in MS. Secondly, this report introduced basic situation of MS Corporation toRead MoreEnterprise Risk Management ( Erm )1166 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature Review Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) In light of the fraud scandals that took place in 2001 and 2002 companies all over the world have been introduced to a new system to help incorporate corporate governance, risk management, and the requirements made by the SOX. That new system is known as Enterprise Risk Management (ERM). The ERM system has been suggested to be the new system to help companies predict risk and help achieve their overall objectives (Arena, Arnaboldi, Azzone, 2011)Read MoreEnterprise Risk Management ( Erm )1531 Words   |  7 Pagesabout the Enterprise Risk Management (ERM). How much risk can be taken so that gain can be increase as risk is directly associated with gain Answer 1: Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) has great potential to provide organizations with new competitive advantages. Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) is designed and disciplined approach to deal with strategy, processes, people, technology and knowledge by the motive of evaluation of management of uncertainties which are faced by the enterprises and generatesRead MoreEnterprise Risk Management ( Erm )1726 Words   |  7 PagesEnterprise Risk Management (ERM) is the ability to identify, manage and/or mitigate risks that can affect the overall business operations down to the day to day operations of an organization (Hampton, J., 2009). The overall Enterprise Risk Management (ERM) entails the utilization of a holistic model to identify risks that face an organization. ERM is not successful when it is managed in silos. Doing so could lead to the organization not having a clear understanding of risks and a misunderstandingRead MoreThe Objectives Of The Zimbabwe Agenda For Sustainable Socio E conomic Transformation Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pagesthe importance or role played by Enterprise Risk Management in achieving the current goals or objectives of ZimAsset [30] Enterprise risk management (ERM) has been defined by the COSO (2004) as a process, effected by an entity’s board of directors, management and other personnel, applied in strategy setting and across the enterprise, designed to identify potential events that may affect the entity, and manage risk to be within its risk appetite, to provide reasonableRead MoreRisk Management Is A Essential Component Of Any Business1046 Words   |  5 PagesRisk Management is a vital component of any business, especially health care. Risk management can be generally defined as recognizing, preventing, and monitoring situations that could result in injury or liability, monetary loss, or noncompliance of regulations (Chubb Health Care, 2004, 9). In a basic risk management system, risks are identified in separate risk area. Each risk area is handled by a different department. It addresses the risks to an organization at the department level. In theRead MoreRelationship Between Corporate Governan ce And Risk Management Of High Technology Firms1595 Words   |  7 Pagesrelationship between corporate governance and risk management of high technology firms, with publicly listed Australian biotechnology organizations as for example. It displays a governance structure that better deals with the various complex risks such organizations face. INTRODUCTION The current global financial crisis has seen the breakdown of various organizations universally, showing that no industry or ward is invulnerable from insufficient or wrong risk management. In the light of the current globalRead MoreQuestions On Implementing An Effective Erm Program1492 Words   |  6 Pages Assignment 1: ERM Roadmap Wayne Thomas Dr. Patricia White IT Audit and Control October 15, 2016 Abstract This paper represents the IT Audit and Control course and will address the following four issues. ïÆ'Ëœ We will elaborate the COSO Risk Management Framework and COSO’s ERM process. ïÆ'Ëœ We will propose to management the method that they need to take to implement an effective ERM program. This will comprise the concerns and the organizational impact they might meet if they do not implement anRead MoreEnterprise Risk Management1609 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract This paper discusses how a company can successfully implement the Enterprise Risk Management based on COSO guidelines. This paper discusses a step by step process of the implementation plan at Dell Inc, the responsibilities of the workforce and management, the risk mitigation approach and how to monitor the activities successfully. Enterprise Risk Management In the wake of all the financial scandals, a variety of laws and regulations have been passed which makes the board of directorsRead MoreRisk Management 7 Step Process1280 Words   |  6 PagesEnterprise Risk Management is defined as â€Å"the process of identifying and analyzing risk from an integrated, company-wide perspective. It is a structured and disciplined approach in aligning strategy, processes, people, technology and knowledge with a purpose of evaluating and managing the uncertainties the enterprise faces as it creates value† (Woon, Azizan, Samad,  2011, p.  23). Had Non-Linear Pro utilized Enterprise Risk Management, the company would have been able to reduce their liability

Has the raise in the tuition-fees rule affected student’s degree choices Free Essays

Introduction The underlying aim of this research is to identify the impact of the changes suggested and implemented as part of Brown Review of Funding, in 2010, and to establish whether this has changed the overall funding approach to be taken by higher educational establishments, while also approving the raising of the fees’ cap up to a maximum of ?9,000. The previous maximum was ?3,375; therefore, the increase in tuition fees was potentially going to have a dramatic impact on the overall desirability for higher education and the degree choices that are made by students. This research paper aims to ascertain the decisions made by students and the impact that these fees have had on the industry, as a whole. We will write a custom essay sample on Has the raise in the tuition-fees rule affected student’s degree choices? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Literature Review Issues relating to the funding policy of education, with the fees charged to students arguably being one of the more high-profile elements of the policy, are many and complex. Existing literature in this area has therefore looked at various different aspects of the funding policy, all of which may be relevant when it comes to determining how the student body is likely to react to the changes, at ground level. Research by Chowdry et al., 2010, suggested that the complexity of the repayment system was in itself a potentially negative factor, although this did create a situation whereby the burden of these increased fees does vary, depending on underlying factors among students, such as parental income and the eligibility for grants and loans. Research by Chowdry indicated that the average debt for students when graduating is likely to be approximately ?59,100. Given this dramatic change, it is unsurprising that there is a relatively large amount of literature looking at student uptake of a university education, although historically this has largely been focused on the links between family background and university participation. For example, research by Blanden and Machin, in 2004, looked at the link between university participation and the achievements of students, based on parental income, both before and after the year 1998, where withdrawals had had a dramatic impact on the way in which university life was funded. This work was then updated in 2008, yet no direct impact was found, creating a gap in the literature. Research in this area also exists within the United States, with researchers such as Kane, 1994, using variances across the states and within the states to monitor and track student participation, based on tuition fees. This research was undertaken in a quantitative fashion, on the grounds that an increase of $1,000 in the tuition fees being charged could ultimately results in a decrease in attendance of approximately 3.7%. Other research has taken a slightly different approach when looking at the impact of financial support, rather than necessarily considering the impact of increased fees, with Dynarski (2000) finding that an increase of $1,000 in aid increased the level of participation by 4%, thus showing a greater sensitivity to assistance than it does from increasing fees. Research does, however, suggest that both the availability of assistance and changes in tuition fees are having a direct impact on the willingness of individuals to participate in higher education, yet the precise impact of the new UK reforms in 2010 still remain relatively unexplored. Research Philosophy, Strategy and Methodology The purpose of this research is to look at the substance of quantitative changes and the impact that these have had on an individual, to make decisions in relation to participation in higher education. Type of Research As the key issues at the heart of the research are to look at the thought patterns and behaviours of individuals, the appropriate research philosophy is interpretivist and phenomenological in nature, ensuring that the researcher takes into account the conscious decisions of the individual. The reasoning behind the decision to adopt this approach is based on the recognition that human decision-making is controlled by a variety of factors and not simply based on quantitative, rational and objective decision-making. The research will be a combination of quantitative and qualitative, as it is anticipated that an analysis of participation, such as that within the existing literature can be undertaken to determine the figures behind the change, yet it is also necessary to look for a descriptive element to the research, so that the thought patterns of students can be analysed. This phenomenological approach is much more humanistic in nature and recognises that opinion will be central to the ultimate findings within this research; however, this should be undertaken with a quantitative support structure, where appropriate. Research Approach and Strategy The underlying research approach is inductive in nature and involves taking a particular situation, in this case the increase in tuition fees, and developing general ideas and theories as to how this is likely to impact on various different elements of higher education. This will include not only looking at overall levels of participation, but also at the impact which this has had on decision-making in relation to which degree should be studied. This research being inductive enables the researcher to start by looking at the factual basis of an increase in fees and then to spread out from this point, in order to gather ideas and theories. Methodology The chosen methodology therefore will be to look at the precise nature of the changes and to identify any trends in participation between the two previous increases in fees and the year after the increase in fees, something which can be achieved by looking at the figures and facts from various institutions, before then going on to take the humanistic approach by undertaking questionnaires, interviews and focus groups with students and potential students, to determine whether the increase in fees leads to changes in decision-making in relation to the choice of course that can be attributed to the figures that have been identified. Ethical Implications There are several key considerations when it comes to ethical concerns during research of any nature and, in particular, in this case many of which are identified by Saunders et al., (2003). Some of the ethical considerations which have potential implications for this research have been identified, and the researcher is mindful that other ethical considerations may arise, on a case-by-case basis. The main concern at this stage is linked to the fact that information needs to be gained directly from the student in relation to their financial status and, as such, the privacy of those individuals is crucial, with individuals having to be confident that the information being provided will be maintained in confidence, although the research is going to be objective in nature when dealing with the information the participants provide. Participation in the research must necessarily be entirely voluntary, with any participant being free to leave the study at any point. Participants need to be clear on the purpose of the research and the role which they play, as well as offering them the opportunity to make changes to the responses and to gain access to their responses, at any point, to check that they have been reported accurately and make changes, if they deem appropriate. Data Collection Data collection from primary sources, i.e. students and potential students, will be gathered through the method of questionnaires, interviews and focus groups and will target existing students and those students who are making their higher education decision, at the moment, or in the foreseeable future. On the whole, therefore, this will focus on the age category of 17 to 20 years old, although where possible, some more mature students will also be interviewed, as they may have different perspectives in terms of their higher education decisions. The most appropriate form of data collection for the questionnaires has been determined as being online, as this is likely to encourage the greatest response, due to its flexibility and the likelihood that the majority of students and potential students will have at least an acceptable level of IT experience to be able to complete a questionnaire online. As interviews will also be conducted, the fact that the questionnaires will be on closed-end questions that can provide quantitative analysis does not present a particular limitation. A copy of the enclosed questionnaire will be contained in the appendix to this proposal and the format of the interviews and focus groups will be the same as questionnaires, but encouraging longer and more open ended responses, in order to obtain a better feel for the thought patterns behind the responses. A test pilot of 10 questionnaires has been undertaken and the responses are contained in the appendix. Analysis of Pilot Data The data collected as part of the pilot is contained in the appendix and it is concluded that the questions are appropriate when it comes to meeting the aims and objectives of the research. By asking the respondents about their current position in terms of their education and whether they are currently considering a university course as well as looking at the factors that are likely to influence the decision, a broader understanding of the influence of the increased fees can be ascertained. This questionnaire will also form the basis for the interviews and open-ended answers are expected in relation to these questions, offering explanations as to why certain answers have been given by the broader questionnaire sample. For example, all the respondents stated cost as an influence on their university choices and 6 respondents stated that it was their main factor when it came to the decision-making process, suggesting that there is on the face of it a strong indication that this factor is going have a direct bearing on university choices. This questionnaire will then lay the foundation for the broader analysis and in order to determine the precise impact that the increased fees are likely to have, and not simply determining that they do in fact have an impact, but rather, it is the nature of the impact that is going to be the formative part of this research. Overall Evaluation The research strategy, on the whole, is appropriate to the underlying aim of the research, as it combines quantitative information relating to the number of students and the choices in relation to courses. This is then to be combined with the thoughts and ideas of students entering into education, to ascertain the reasons behind these quantitative changes. This issue is, however, likely to be personal to individuals and, as such, there will be limitations in the fact that it is not possible to gain responses from every single potential students simply cannot be obtained on generalisations which are likely to be present during research of this nature. References BLANDEN, J., GREGG, P. MACHIN, S. (2003) Changes in Educational Inequality. CMPO Working Paper Series No 03/079. BLANDEN, J MACHIN, S. (2008) ‘Up and Down the Generational Income Ladder in Britain: Past Changes and Future Prospects’ National Institute Economic Review 2008; 205; 101. BROWNE REVIEW (2010) Securing a Sustainable Future for Higher Education in England. www.independent.gov.uk/browne-report CHOWDRY, H., CRAWFORD, C., DEARDEN, L., GOODMAN, A. and VIGNOLES, A. (2010) ‘Widening Participation in Higher Education: Analysis Using Linked Administrative Data’, Institute for Fiscal Studies (IFS) Working Paper W10/04. How to cite Has the raise in the tuition-fees rule affected student’s degree choices?, Essay examples

The Sovereignty of Parliament HRA

Question: Discuss about the The Sovereignty of Parliament for HRA? Answer: For the purpose of exploring the effect of Human Rights Act, 1998 on the constitutional order in the UK and also on the statement that parliamentary sovereignty cannot be considered anymore as the main basis of British constitution, the status of human rights and parliamentary sovereignty before the introduction of Human Rights Act needs to be examined. In this regard, it is also required that the role played by the relevant sections of Human Rights Act should be examined and the way, the impact on a disorderly and human rights.[1] For this purpose, it is also that the relationship that exists between the parliament and judiciary in context of human rights should be analyzed and simultaneously, it needs to be seen if the balance of power existing between the two has been significantly altered by the introduction of the HRA. In the absence of original constitutional framework in the UK had a significant impact on the constitutional law in the country and this is mainly true in case of power and the position of the Parliament.[2] The concept of Parliamentary Sovereignty was particularly popularized by the ideas of scholars like Dicey who described this region as the central law related with the British constitution.[3] In this context, sovereignty had been described as the power to legislate and also the lack of constrains on the power is enjoyed by the Parliament of UK in this regard.[4] In this way, the act of Parliament is not bound by or restricted by a greater law, like a written constitution.[5] An instance of this can be given in the form of the extension of the life of the Parliament during the two World Wars. In the same way, and that there and probably more significant implication that can be drawn from the concept of the sovereignty of Parliament is that the Acts of the predecessors are not con sidered as being binding for a sovereign Parliament and in this way, Parliament does not have the power to bind its successor parliaments.[6] On the other hand, the Human Rights Act was implemented in October 2000. This legislation indicates a basic restructuring of the political constitution of the UK because the Human Rights Act because it has been said that with the introduction of this legislation, the political power has been transferred to the Judiciary from the Legislature and the Executive. In this regard, it has also been stated that there is no doubt that the HRA is the most noteworthy rearrangement of the political power that had taken place in the UK.[7] Before the introduction of the HRA, the legal order in the UK was that of Parliamentary supremacy, although it was sometimes altered by the courts while developing procedures of interpretation that helped to some extent in protecting some of the basic freedoms enjoyed by the people. For example, one such rule can be described as the presumption that it was not the intention of the Parliament to put the UK in breach of the obligations that have been imposed on i t by the European Convention on Human Rights.[8] In this regard, it has been said that wherever there was any ambiguity in the legislation, as a result of which, one interpretation of the words that have been used in the legislation complies with the requirements of ECHR and the other interpretation does not, the courts are required to adopt the interpretation that complies with this provisions of ECHR.[9] But in this regard it needs to be noted that when clear and unambiguous words have been used in the legislation, the courts were required to apply such legislation, irrespective of the fact that it may result in violating the provisions of ECHR.[10] But with the implementation of HRA, much more significant is now placed on protecting the basic human rights of the people due to the reason that the major aim of the Act was to bring rights home which is also demonstrated by the heading of the white paper of the government, Rights Brought Home. In this way, the introduction of this Act resulted in the end of the situation where a complaint was required to go to Strasbourg for the purpose of asserting the rights conferred by the Convention. On the other hand, now the British courts can hear the case of the claimant in such a case. Similarly, after the HRA was fully enforced, certain rights and freedoms were given further effect as the domestic level. For example, it has been mentioned in section 2 of HRA that the courts should consider the jurisprudence of various supervisory and enforcement entities located in Strasbourg. In the same way, the parliamentary sovereignty has also been impacted by section 2(1) which requires that while dealing with a question that is related with the rights that have arisen in context of the rights provided by the Convention, the courts or tribunals are required to make allowance for the decisions of Strasbourg, so far these decisions are relevant in a particular case.[11] But in this regard it needs to be noted that in such a case, the courts are only required to consider the jurisprudence of the entities located at Strasbourg and as a result, the courts are not bound by it. Under the circumstances, it can be said that the sovereignty of the Parliament has been weakened by section 2 because the lawmaking powers of the Parliament have been significantly limited by the ECHR. This belief was further strengthened after the decision given in Do v. Secretary of State for the Home Department.[12] Lord Bingham had stated in this case that it follows that the national courts are subject to a duty like the ones imposed by section 2 of the HRA, and therefore, without the presence of a strong reason, they should not weaken or dilute the effects of the case law from Strasbourg, at the same time, the member States can provide for rights that are more generous as compared to the rights provided by the Convention but these provisions should not be the result of interpretation of the convention by the domestic courts, due to the reason that the meaning of different provisions of the Convention should remain uniform in all the states that are party to it. In this way, the approach of "no less and no more" has been used in R (Al-Skeini) v Secretary of State for Defence[13] under international law. In this case, the 5 claimants who were relatives of the Iraqi nationals, k illed in Iraq. However the court arrived at conclusion that the claim needs to be dismissed because it was beyond the jurisdiction of article 1, under the heading of extra-territorial doctrine of effective control over an area exception. In the same way, the court also stated that it was beyond the scope of the Human Rights Act due to the reason that the Act needs to be construed in view of the present background of the convention and also the Strasbourg jurisprudence.[14] In the same way, in the case titled, R (Al-Jedda) v SSD[15], the judicial discretion regarding the cases concerning international law and its impact on human rights was also discussed. The issue was the right to liberty and security that has been provided by schedule 1, article 5 of the HRA had been displaced regarding a dual British and Iraqi national who was imprisoned in Iraq. Therefore it can be said that on the basis of the decision given in this case as well as in Al Skeini, the parliamentary sovereignty has been weakened to some extent as these decisions reveal that the courts give preference to the cases dealing with international law. As a result, on the basis of the fact that the court gives preference to international law as compared to the domestic law, it means that the parliament is no longer to be considered as the supreme lawmaker.[16] Another important feature of the HRA is the 'interpretive obligation' that has been mentioned in section 3. The most frequent use of this act is likely to be interpretive because the second requires that the courts should interpret statutory provisions as well as the common law in such a way that is compatible with the rights provided by the convention. At the same time, the Act provides in section 3(1) that "so far as possible, primary legislation and subordinate legislation needs to be read and given effect in such a way that is compatible with the rights provided by the convention". This provision has an impact on all the cases, including civil and criminal, public or private or the cases against public authorities or private legal persons, whenever a right provided by the convention is at stake. However the important words related with the interpretive obligation prescriber section 3(1) is so far as possible and must which suggests that an alternative is available. Another important provision in this regard is section 4 which provides a remedy of the 'declaration of incompatibility'. It can be applied where the court finds it difficult to interpret a particular statutory provision in such a way that it complies with a convention right. For example in R v A (No.2)[17], which was mentioned by Lord Steyn that a declaration of incompatibility has to be considered as a last resort and therefore it should be avoided unless it becomes impossible to do so. However it needs to be noted that section 4(6)(a) also states that the declaration of incompatibility does not have an impact on the validity of the legislation. Similarly, the declaration of invalidity is not binding on the parties to the proceedings as provided by section 4(6)(b). It was demonstrated in Burden v United Kingdom that as a remedy, it has proved to be ineffective. In this case, the issue was if the siblings who had lived together throughout their life, should have inheritance tax relie f as is available to married couples and several partners. In this context, it was argued by the payments that it amounted to a violation of article 14 of ECHR. The courts did not consider that it could be expected in the case that the applicants should have brought a claim for a declaration of incompatibility in accordance with section 4 before bringing their application to the European Court of Human Rights, as the remedy depended on the discretion of the executive and earlier it was found to be infected by the courts in Hobbs v United Kingdom.[18] Due to the fact that the applicants were directly impacted by provision of domestic law and at the same time, no domestic remedy was available which should have been exhausted first of all by them, the court held that the six-month time limit to bring the case before the European Court of Human Rights was not applicable. In case of the enactment of legislation, it has been provided with section 19 of the HRA that at the time of the introduction of the Bill in the Parliament, the Minister in charge asked to make a statement regarding compatibility before the second reading of the Bill and in this statement, it should be revealed how the Bill complies with the provisions of the Convention.[19] In this way, it can be said that restraints have been put on parliamentary sovereignty due to the reason that it requires that the Convention rights should be incorporated as the early stages of enacting a particular legislation.[20] But in this regard it needs to be noted that it will be deceptive to claim that this provision precludes the Parliament from passing a legislation due to the reason that the statement of noncompliance can be delivered which reveals the conflicts present between the proposed Bill and the ECHR rights and also the reasons for the noncompliance of the Bill with these rights.[21] In the end, it can be said that the Human Rights Act has been successful in achieving the desired balance as it retains the right of the Parliamentary enact legislation even if it is incompatible with the rights provided by the Convention.[22] But in this regard, it also needs to be noted that as a result of section 4 of HRA, the political capacity has been significantly reduced due to the reason that the declaration of compatibility serves as a political or even as a moral disincentive to enact a law that is incompatible with the convention rights.[23] However it is still open for the government regarding how it deals with the relevant decisions of the courts in this regard. If it considers it appropriate, it can be done by the government by refusing to take steps for the purpose of limiting the incompatibility in accordance with section 5 of the Human Rights Act.[24] Therefore, while the Parliament is still sovereign but as a matter of constitutional practice, considerable amount of power has been transferred to the judiciary as a result of the introduction of HRA. Although it has been mentioned in section 6(3)(b), the Parliament is not bound by the provisions of Section 6 and s 7 of the Act and in this way, the Parliament is not accountable for its actions. The result of this position is that the Parliament is can still use the cover provided by the will of the electorate. On the other hand, it also needs to be noted that still the government is accountable for its actions during the reason that its bodies are considered as the public authorities and as a result, have been constrained by section 6 and section 7 of the Act. Due to this reason, the government cannot use the will of the electorate as a 'cover' for its actions. Bibliography Bradley, The Sovereignty of Parliament Form or Substance?, in J. Jowell and D. Oliver, The Changing Constitution (7th ed.) (OUP, 2007), 25 Kavanagh, The elusive divide between interpretation and legislation under the Human Rights Act 1998 (2004) 24(2) OJLS 259 Tomkins, In Defence of the Political Constitution (2002) 22 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 157 Young, Judicial Sovereignty and the Human Rights Act 1998 [2002] CLJ 53 Gearty, Reconciling Parliamentary Democracy and Human Rights (2002) 118 LQR 248 Harlow and R. Rawlings, Law Administration (3th ed.) (OUP, 2009). Anderson, Shfting the Grundnorm and Other Tales, in D. OKeefe and A. Bavasso, Judicial Review in European Union Law (Kluwer, 2000) J.A.G. Griffith, The Political Constitution (1979) 42 Modern L. Rev. 1, 19 Lord Woolf, The Rule of Law and a Change in the Constitution (2004) 63 Cambridge LJ 317-330 Loughlin, Constituent Power Subverted: From English Constitutional Argument to British Constitutional Practice, in M. Loughlin and S. Tierney, The Paradox of Constitutionalism (OUP: 2008) Loughlin, The Foundations of Public Law (OUP, 2010). Craig, Formal and Substantive Concepts of the Rule of Law [1997] Public Law 467 Bellamy, Political Constitutionalism: A Republican Defence of the Constitutionality of Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). Rawlings, Review, Revenge and Retreat (2005) 68(3) Modern Law Review 378-410 Sedley, The Sound of Silence: Constitutional Law Without a Constitution (1994) 110 Law Quarterly Review 270 Campbell, K. Ewing and A. Tomkins (eds), Sceptical Essays on Human Rights (Oxford University Press, 2001) Hickman, In Defence of the Legal Constitution (2005) 55(4) University of Toronto Law Journal 981-1022 Hickman, In Defence of the Legal Constitution (2005) 55(4) University of Toronto Law Journal 981-1022 Case Law Do v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2004] UKHL 26 Hobbs and others v United Kingdom - [2006] All ER (D) 178 R (Al-Skeini) v Secretary of State for Defence (2007) UKHL 26 R (GC) v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis [2011] UKSC 21 R v A (No 2) [2001] UKHL 25 R. (Al-Jedda) v Secretary of State for Defence [2007] UKHL 58 [1] A. Tomkins, In Defence of the Political Constitution (2002) 22 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 157, [2] J.A.G. Griffith, The Political Constitution (1979) 42 Modern L. Rev. 1, 19 [3] R. Bellamy, Political Constitutionalism: A Republican Defence of the Constitutionality of Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2007). [4] T. Hickman, In Defence of the Legal Constitution (2005) 55(4) University of Toronto Law Journal 981-1022 [5] M. Loughlin, The Foundations of Public Law (OUP, 2010). [6] R. Rawlings, Review, Revenge and Retreat (2005) 68(3) Modern Law Review 378-410 [7] Lord Woolf, The Rule of Law and a Change in the Constitution (2004) 63 Cambridge LJ 317-330 [8] C. Harlow and R. Rawlings, Law Administration (3th ed.) (OUP, 2009). [9] T. Campbell, K. Ewing and A. Tomkins (eds), Sceptical Essays on Human Rights (Oxford University Press, 2001) [10] M. Loughlin, Constituent Power Subverted: From English Constitutional Argument to British Constitutional Practice, in M. Loughlin and S. Tierney, The Paradox of Constitutionalism (OUP: 2008) [11] P. Craig, Formal and Substantive Concepts of the Rule of Law [1997] Public Law 467 [12] Do v. Secretary of State for the Home Department [2004] UKHL 26 [13] R (Al-Skeini) v Secretary of State for Defence (2007) UKHL 26. [14] S. Sedley, The Sound of Silence: Constitutional Law Without a Constitution (1994) 110 Law Quarterly Review 270 [15] R. (Al-Jedda) v Secretary of State for Defence [2007] UKHL 58 [16] T. Hickman, In Defence of the Legal Constitution (2005) 55(4) University of Toronto Law Journal 981-1022 [17] R v A (No 2) [2001] UKHL 25 [18] Hobbs and others v United Kingdom - [2006] All ER (D) 178 [19] D. Anderson, Shfting the Grundnorm and Other Tales, in D. OKeefe and A. Bavasso, Judicial Review in European Union Law (Kluwer, 2000) [20] A. Bradley, The Sovereignty of Parliament Form or Substance?, in J. Jowell and D. Oliver, The Changing Constitution (7th ed.) (OUP, 2007), 25 [21] R(GC) v Commissioner of Police for the Metropolis [2011] UKSC 21 [22] A. Kavanagh, The elusive divide between interpretation and legislation under the Human Rights Act 1998 (2004) 24(2) OJLS 259 [23] A. Young, Judicial Sovereignty and the Human Rights Act 1998 [2002] CLJ 53 [24] C. Gearty, Reconciling Parliamentary Democracy and Human Rights (2002) 118 LQR 248